Bitcoin is a
cryptocurrency and a digital
payment system[SUP]
[13][/SUP][SUP]:3[/SUP] invented by an unknown programmer, or a group of programmers, under the name
Satoshi Nakamoto.[SUP]
[14][/SUP] It was released as
open-source software in 2009.[SUP]
[15][/SUP]
The system is
peer-to-peer, and transactions take place between users directly, without an intermediary.[SUP]
[13][/SUP][SUP]:4[/SUP] These transactions are verified by network
nodes and recorded in a public
distributed ledger called a
blockchain. Since the system works without a central repository or single administrator, bitcoin is called the first decentralized
digital currency.[SUP]
[13][/SUP][SUP]:1[/SUP][SUP]
[16][/SUP]
Besides being created as a reward for
mining, bitcoin can be exchanged for other currencies,[SUP]
[17][/SUP] products, and services in legal or
black markets.[SUP]
[18][/SUP][SUP]
[19][/SUP]
As of February 2015, over 100,000 merchants and vendors accepted bitcoin as payment.[SUP]
[20][/SUP] According to research produced by
Cambridge University in 2017, there are 2.9 to 5.8 million unique users using a cryptocurrency wallet, most of them using bitcoin.[SUP]
[21]
[/SUP]
Etymology and orthography
The word
bitcoin occurred in the
white paper[SUP]
[22][/SUP] that defined bitcoin published on 31 October 2008.[SUP]
[23][/SUP] It is a
compound of the words
bit and
coin.[SUP]
[24][/SUP] The white paper frequently uses the shorter
coin.[SUP]
[22][/SUP]
There is no uniform convention for
bitcoin capitalization. Some sources use
Bitcoin, capitalized, to refer to the technology and
network and
bitcoin, lowercase, to refer to the unit of account.[SUP]
[25][/SUP]
The Wall Street Journal,[SUP]
[26][/SUP]
The Chronicle of Higher Education,[SUP]
[27][/SUP] and the
Oxford English Dictionary[SUP]
[24][/SUP] advocate use of lowercase
bitcoin in all cases, which this article follows.
Blockchain
For a broader coverage related to this topic, see
Blockchain.
The
blockchain is a public
ledger that records bitcoin transactions.[SUP]
[28][/SUP] A novel solution accomplishes this without any trusted central authority: maintenance of the blockchain is performed by a
network of communicating
nodes running bitcoin software.[SUP]
[13][/SUP] Transactions of the form
payer X sends Y bitcoins to payee Z are
broadcast to this network using readily available software applications.[SUP]
[29][/SUP] Network nodes can validate transactions, add them to their copy of the ledger, and then broadcast these ledger additions to other nodes. The blockchain is a
distributed database – to achieve independent verification of the chain of ownership of any and every bitcoin amount, each network node stores its own copy of the blockchain.[SUP]
[30][/SUP] Approximately six times per hour, a new group of accepted transactions, a block, is created, added to the blockchain, and quickly published to all nodes. This allows bitcoin software to determine when a particular bitcoin amount has been spent, which is necessary in order to prevent
double-spending in an environment without central oversight. Whereas a conventional ledger records the transfers of actual
bills or
promissory notes that exist apart from it, the blockchain is the only place that bitcoins can be said to exist in the form of unspent outputs of transactions.[SUP]
[7][/SUP][SUP]:ch. 5
[/SUP]
Transactions
Transactions are defined using a
Forth-like scripting language.[SUP]
[7][/SUP][SUP]:ch. 5[/SUP] A valid transaction must have one or more inputs.[SUP]
[32][/SUP] Every input must be an unspent output of a previous transaction. The transaction must carry the digital signature of every input owner. The use of multiple inputs corresponds to the use of multiple coins in a cash transaction. A transaction can also have multiple outputs, allowing one to make multiple payments in one go. A transaction output can be specified as an arbitrary multiple of satoshi. As in a cash transaction, the sum of inputs (coins used to pay) can exceed the intended sum of payments. In such a case, an additional output is used, returning the change back to the payer.[SUP]
[32][/SUP] Any input satoshis not accounted for in the transaction outputs become the transaction fee.[SUP]
[32]
[/SUP]
Transaction fees
Paying a transaction fee is optional.[SUP]
[32][/SUP] Miners can choose which transactions to process[SUP]
[32][/SUP] and prioritize those that pay higher fees. Fees are based on the storage size of the transaction generated, which in turn is dependent on the number of inputs used to create the transaction. Furthermore, priority is given to older unspent inputs.[SUP]
[7][/SUP][SUP]:ch. 8
[/SUP]
Units
The unit of account of the bitcoin system is bitcoin. As of 2014, symbols used to represent bitcoin are BTC,[SUP]
[note 1][/SUP] XBT,[SUP]
[note 2][/SUP] and ₿ (U+20BF,
).[SUP]
[note 3][/SUP][SUP]
[33][/SUP][SUP]:2[/SUP] Small amounts of bitcoin used as alternative units are millibitcoin (mBTC),[SUP]
[1][/SUP] microbitcoin (µBTC, sometimes referred to as
bit), and satoshi. Named in homage to bitcoin's creator, a
satoshi is the smallest amount within bitcoin representing 0.00000001 bitcoin, one hundred millionth of a bitcoin.[SUP]
[9][/SUP] A
millibitcoin equals to 0.001 bitcoin, one thousandth of a bitcoin.[SUP]
[34][/SUP] One
microbitcoin equals to 0.000001 bitcoin, one millionth of a bitcoin.
Mining
Mining is a record-keeping service.[SUP]
[note 5][/SUP] Miners keep the blockchain consistent, complete, and unalterable by repeatedly verifying and collecting newly broadcast transactions into a new group of transactions called a
block.[SUP]
[28][/SUP] Each block contains a
cryptographic hash of the previous block,[SUP]
[28][/SUP] using the
SHA-256 hashing algorithm,[SUP]
[7][/SUP][SUP]:ch. 7[/SUP] which links it to the previous block,[SUP]
[28][/SUP] thus giving the blockchain its name.
In order to be accepted by the rest of the network, a new block must contain a so-called
proof-of-work.[SUP]
[28][/SUP] The proof-of-work requires miners to find a number called a
nonce, such that when the block content is
hashed along with the nonce, the result is numerically smaller than the network's
difficulty target.[SUP]
[7][/SUP][SUP]:ch. 8[/SUP] This proof is easy for any node in the network to verify, but extremely time-consuming to generate, as for a secure cryptographic hash, miners must try many different nonce values (usually the sequence of tested values is 0, 1, 2, 3, ...[SUP]
[7][/SUP][SUP]:ch. 8[/SUP]) before meeting the difficulty target.
Every 2016 blocks (approximately 14 days), the difficulty target is adjusted based on the network's recent performance, with the aim of keeping the average time between new blocks at ten minutes. In this way the system automatically adapts to the total amount of mining power on the network.[SUP]
[7][/SUP][SUP]:ch. 8[/SUP]
Between 1 March 2014 and 1 March 2015, the average number of nonces miners had to try before creating a new block increased from 16.4 quintillion to 200.5 quintillion.[SUP]
[36][/SUP]
The proof-of-work system, alongside the chaining of blocks, makes modifications of the blockchain extremely hard, as an attacker must modify all subsequent blocks in order for the modifications of one block to be accepted.[SUP]
[37][/SUP] As new blocks are mined all the time, the difficulty of modifying a block increases as time passes and the number of subsequent blocks (also called
confirmations of the given block) increases.[SUP]
[28]
[/SUP]
Supply
The successful miner finding the new block is rewarded with newly created bitcoins and transaction fees.[SUP]
[38][/SUP] As of 9 July 2016,[SUP]
[39][/SUP] the reward amounted to 12.5 newly created bitcoins per block added to the blockchain. To claim the reward, a special transaction called a
coinbase is included with the processed payments.[SUP]
[7][/SUP][SUP]:ch. 8[/SUP] All bitcoins in existence have been created in such coinbase transactions. The
bitcoin protocol specifies that the reward for adding a block will be halved every 210,000 blocks (approximately every four years). Eventually, the reward will decrease to zero, and the limit of 21 million bitcoins[SUP]
[note 6][/SUP] will be reached
c. 2140; the record keeping will then be rewarded by transaction fees solely.[SUP]
[40][/SUP]
In other words, bitcoin's inventor Nakamoto set a
monetary policy based on
artificial scarcity at bitcoin's inception that there would only ever be 21 million bitcoins in total. Their numbers are being released roughly every ten minutes and the rate at which they are generated would drop by half every four years until all were in
circulation.[SUP]
[41]
[/SUP]
Wallets
A
wallet stores the information necessary to transact bitcoins. While wallets are often described as a place to hold[SUP]
[42][/SUP] or store bitcoins,[SUP]
[43][/SUP] due to the nature of the system, bitcoins are inseparable from the blockchain transaction ledger. A better way to describe a wallet is something that "stores the digital credentials for your bitcoin holdings"[SUP]
[43][/SUP] and allows one to access (and spend) them. Bitcoin uses
public-key cryptography, in which two cryptographic keys, one public and one private, are generated.[SUP]
[44][/SUP] At its most basic, a wallet is a collection of these keys.
There are several types of wallets.
Software wallets connect to the network and allow spending bitcoins in addition to holding the credentials that prove ownership.[SUP]
[45][/SUP] Software wallets can be split further in two categories: full clients and lightweight clients.
- Full clients verify transactions directly on a local copy of the blockchain (over 110 GB as of May 2017[SUP][46][/SUP]), or a subset of the blockchain (around 2 GB[SUP][47][/SUP]). Because of its size and complexity, the entire blockchain is not suitable for all computing devices.
- Lightweight clients on the other hand consult a full client to send and receive transactions without requiring a local copy of the entire blockchain (see simplified payment verification – SPV). This makes lightweight clients much faster to set up and allows them to be used on low-power, low-bandwidth devices such as smartphones. When using a lightweight wallet however, the user must trust the server to a certain degree. When using a lightweight client, the server can not steal bitcoins, but it can report faulty values back to the user. With both types of software wallets, the users are responsible for keeping their private keys in a secure place.[SUP][48][/SUP]
Besides software wallets, Internet services called
online wallets offer similar functionality but may be easier to use. In this case, credentials to access funds are stored with the online wallet provider rather than on the user's hardware.[SUP]
[49][/SUP][SUP]
[50][/SUP] As a result, the user must have complete trust in the wallet provider. A malicious provider or a breach in server security may cause entrusted bitcoins to be stolen. An example of such security breach occurred with
Mt. Gox in 2011.[SUP]
[51][/SUP]
Physical wallets store the credentials necessary to spend bitcoins offline.[SUP]
[43][/SUP] Examples combine a novelty coin with these credentials printed on metal.[SUP]
[52][/SUP] Others are simply paper printouts. Another type of wallet called a
hardware wallet keeps credentials offline while facilitating transactions.[SUP]
[53]
[/SUP]
Reference implementation
The first wallet program was released in 2009 by
Satoshi Nakamoto as
open-source code.[SUP]
[15][/SUP] Sometimes referred to as the "Satoshi client", this is also known as the
reference client because it serves to define the bitcoin protocol and acts as a standard for other implementations.[SUP]
[45][/SUP] In version 0.5 the client moved from the
wxWidgets user interface toolkit to
Qt, and the whole bundle was referred to as Bitcoin-Qt.[SUP]
[45][/SUP] After the release of version 0.9, the software bundle was renamed
Bitcoin Core to distinguish itself from the network.[SUP]
[54][/SUP][SUP]
[55][/SUP] Today, other
forks of Bitcoin Core exist such as
Bitcoin XT,
Bitcoin Classic,
Bitcoin Unlimited,[SUP]
[56][/SUP][SUP]
[57][/SUP] and Parity Bitcoin.[SUP]
[58]
[/SUP]
Ownership
Ownership of bitcoins implies that a user can spend bitcoins associated with a specific address. To do so, a payer must
digitally sign the transaction using the corresponding
private key. Without knowledge of the private key, the transaction cannot be signed and bitcoins cannot be spent. The network verifies the signature using the
public key.[SUP]
[7][/SUP][SUP]:ch. 5[/SUP]
If the private key is lost, the
bitcoin network will not recognize any other evidence of ownership;[SUP]
[13][/SUP] the coins are then unusable, and effectively lost. For example, in 2013 one user claimed to have lost 7,500 bitcoins, worth $7.5 million at the time, when he accidentally discarded a hard drive containing his private key.[SUP]
[59]
[/SUP]
Decentralization
Bitcoin creator Satoshi Nakamoto designed bitcoin to not need a central authority.[SUP]
[22][/SUP] Per sources such as the academic Mercatus Center,[SUP]
[13][/SUP] U.S. Treasury,[SUP]
[10][/SUP]
Reuters,[SUP]
[16][/SUP]
The Washington Post,[SUP]
[19][/SUP]
The Daily Herald,[SUP]
[60][/SUP]
The New Yorker,[SUP]
[61][/SUP] and others, bitcoin is decentralized.
Privacy
Bitcoin is pseudonymous, meaning that funds are not tied to real-world entities but rather bitcoin addresses. Owners of bitcoin addresses are not explicitly identified, but all transactions on the blockchain are public. In addition, transactions can be linked to individuals and companies through "idioms of use" (e.g., transactions that spend coins from multiple inputs indicate that the inputs may have a common owner) and corroborating public transaction data with known information on owners of certain addresses.[SUP]
[62][/SUP] Additionally, bitcoin exchanges, where bitcoins are traded for traditional currencies, may be required by law to collect personal information.[SUP]
[63][/SUP]
To heighten financial privacy, a new bitcoin address can be generated for each transaction.[SUP]
[64][/SUP] For example, hierarchical deterministic wallets generate
pseudorandom "rolling addresses" for every transaction from a single
seed, while only requiring a single passphrase to be remembered to recover all corresponding private keys.[SUP]
[65][/SUP] Additionally, "mixing" and
CoinJoin services aggregate multiple users' coins and output them to fresh addresses to increase privacy.[SUP]
[66][/SUP] Researchers at
Stanford University and
Concordia University have also shown that bitcoin exchanges and other entities can prove assets,
liabilities, and
solvency without revealing their addresses using
zero-knowledge proofs.[SUP]
[67][/SUP]
According to Dan Blystone, "Ultimately, bitcoin resembles cash as much as it does credit cards."[SUP]
[68]
[/SUP]
Fungibility
Wallets and similar software technically handle all bitcoins as equivalent, establishing the basic level of
fungibility. Researchers have pointed out that the history of each bitcoin is registered and publicly available in the blockchain ledger, and that some users may refuse to accept bitcoins coming from controversial transactions, which would harm bitcoin's fungibility.[SUP]
[69][/SUP] Projects such as
CryptoNote,
Zerocoin, and
Dark Wallet aim to address these privacy and fungibility issues.[SUP]
[70][/SUP][SUP]
[71]
[/SUP]
Governance
Bitcoin was initially led by
Satoshi Nakamoto. Nakamoto stepped back in 2010 and handed the network alert key to
Gavin Andresen.[SUP]
[72][/SUP] Andresen stated he subsequently sought to decentralize control stating: "As soon as Satoshi stepped back and threw the project onto my shoulders, one of the first things I did was try to decentralize that. So, if I get hit by a bus, it would be clear that the project would go on."[SUP]
[72][/SUP] This left opportunity for controversy to develop over the future development path of bitcoin. The reference implementation of the bitcoin protocol called Bitcoin Core obtained competing versions that propose to solve various governance and blocksize debates; as of July 2016, the alternatives were called Bitcoin XT, Bitcoin Classic, and Bitcoin Unlimited.[SUP]
[73]
[/SUP]
Scalability
Main article:
Bitcoin scalability problem
The blocks in the blockchain are limited to one
megabyte in size, which has created problems for bitcoin transaction processing, such as increasing transaction fees and delayed processing of transactions that cannot be fit into a block.[SUP]
[74][/SUP] Contenders to solve the scalability problem are referred to as
Bitcoin Classic,[SUP]
[75][/SUP]
Bitcoin Unlimited,[SUP]
[76][/SUP] and SegWit2x.[SUP]
[77][/SUP] On 21 July 2017 miners locked-in a software upgrade referred to as Bitcoin Improvement Proposal (BIP) 91, meaning that the controversial Segregated Witness upgrade will activate at block # 477,120.[SUP]
[78]
[/SUP]
History
Main article:
History of bitcoin
Bitcoin was created[SUP]
[15][/SUP] by
Satoshi Nakamoto,[SUP]
[14][/SUP] who published the invention[SUP]
[15][/SUP] on 31 October 2008 to a cryptography mailing list[SUP]
[23][/SUP] in a research paper called "Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System".[SUP]
[22][/SUP] Nakamoto implemented bitcoin as
open source code and released in January 2009.[SUP]
[15][/SUP] The identity of Nakamoto remains unknown, though many have claimed to know it.[SUP]
[14][/SUP]
In January 2009, the bitcoin network came into existence with the release of the first
open source bitcoin client and the issuance of the first bitcoins,[SUP]
[79][/SUP][SUP]
[80][/SUP][SUP]
[81][/SUP][SUP]
[82][/SUP] with Satoshi Nakamoto mining the first block of bitcoins ever (known as the
genesis block), which had a reward of 50 bitcoins.
One of the first supporters, adopters, contributor to bitcoin and receiver of the first bitcoin transaction was programmer
Hal Finney. Finney downloaded the bitcoin software the day it was released, and received 10 bitcoins from Nakamoto in the world's first bitcoin transaction.[SUP]
[83][/SUP][SUP]
[84][/SUP] Other early supporters were Wei Dai, creator of bitcoin predecessor
b-money, and
Nick Szabo, creator of bitcoin predecessor
bit gold.[SUP]
[85][/SUP]
In the early days, Nakamoto is estimated to have mined 1 million bitcoins.[SUP]
[86][/SUP] Before disappearing from any involvement in bitcoin, Nakamoto in a sense handed over the reins to developer
Gavin Andresen, who then became the bitcoin lead developer at the
Bitcoin Foundation, the 'anarchic' bitcoin community's closest thing to an official public face.[SUP]
[87][/SUP]
The value of the first bitcoin transactions were negotiated by individuals on the
bitcointalk forums with one notable transaction of 10,000 BTC used to indirectly purchase two pizzas delivered by
Papa John's.[SUP]
[79][/SUP]
On 6 August 2010, a major
vulnerability in the bitcoin protocol was spotted. Transactions were not properly verified before they were included in the blockchain, which let users bypass bitcoin's economic restrictions and create an indefinite number of bitcoins.[SUP]
[88][/SUP][SUP]
[89][/SUP] On 15 August, the vulnerability was exploited; over 184 billion bitcoins were generated in a transaction, and sent to two addresses on the network. Within hours, the transaction was spotted and erased from the transaction log after the bug was fixed and the network forked to an updated version of the bitcoin protocol.[SUP]
[90][/SUP][SUP]
[88][/SUP][SUP]
[89]
[/SUP]
Classification
Bitcoin is a digital asset[SUP]
[91][/SUP] designed by its inventor, Satoshi Nakamoto, to work as a currency.[SUP]
[22][/SUP][SUP]
[92][/SUP] It is commonly referred to with terms like digital currency,[SUP]
[13][/SUP][SUP]:1[/SUP]
digital cash,[SUP]
[93][/SUP]
virtual currency,[SUP]
[9][/SUP]
electronic currency,[SUP]
[25][/SUP] or cryptocurrency.[SUP]
[94][/SUP]
The question whether bitcoin is a
currency or not is still disputed.[SUP]
[94][/SUP] Bitcoins have three useful qualities in a currency, according to
The Economist in January 2015: they are "hard to earn, limited in supply and easy to verify".[SUP]
[95][/SUP] Economists define money as a
store of value, a
medium of exchange, and a
unit of account and agree that bitcoin has some way to go to meet all these criteria.[SUP]
[96][/SUP] It does best as a medium of exchange; as of February 2015 the number of merchants accepting bitcoin had passed 100,000.[SUP]
[20][/SUP] As of March 2014, the bitcoin market suffered from
volatility, limiting the ability of bitcoin to act as a stable store of value, and retailers accepting bitcoin use other currencies as their principal unit of account.[SUP]
[96]
[/SUP]
General use
According to research produced by
Cambridge University in 2017, there are between 2.9 million and 5.8 million unique users using a cryptocurrency wallet, most of them using bitcoin. The number of users has grown significantly since 2013, when there were 0.3 to 1.3 million users.[SUP]
[21]
[/SUP]
Acceptance by merchants
In 2015, the number of merchants accepting bitcoin exceeded 100,000.[SUP]
[20][/SUP] Instead of 2–3% typically imposed by
credit card processors, merchants accepting bitcoins often pay fees in the range from 0% to less than 2%.[SUP]
[97][/SUP] As of December 2014 select firms that accept payments in bitcoin include:
Some U.S. political candidates, including New York City Democratic Congressional candidate
Jeff Kurzon have said they would accept campaign donations in bitcoin.[SUP]
[137][/SUP] In late 2013 the
University of Nicosia became the first university in the world to accept bitcoins and also began offering a degree program on the study of digital currencies.[SUP]
[138]
[/SUP]
Healthcare providers
As of 2014, My Doctor Medical Group and RapidMed Urgent Care Center in Lewisville, Texas, had adopted bitcoin.[SUP]
[139]
[/SUP]
Payment service providers
Merchants accepting bitcoin ordinarily use the services of bitcoin payment service providers such as
BitPay or
Coinbase. When a customer pays in bitcoin, the payment service provider accepts the bitcoin on behalf of the merchant, converts it to the local currency, and sends the obtained amount to merchant's bank account, charging a fee for the service.[SUP]
[140]
[/SUP]
Financial institutions
Bitcoin companies have had difficulty opening traditional bank accounts because lenders have been leery of bitcoin's links to illicit activity.[SUP]
[141][/SUP] According to
Antonio Gallippi, a co-founder of
BitPay, "banks are scared to deal with bitcoin companies, even if they really want to".[SUP]
[142][/SUP] In 2014, the
National Australia Bank closed accounts of businesses with ties to bitcoin,[SUP]
[143][/SUP] and
HSBC refused to serve a hedge fund with links to bitcoin.[SUP]
[144][/SUP] Australian banks in general have been reported as closing down bank accounts of operators of businesses involving the currency;[SUP]
[145][/SUP] this has become the subject of an investigation by the
Australian Competition and Consumer Commission.[SUP]
[145][/SUP] Nonetheless, Australian banks have keenly adopted the blockchain technology on which bitcoin is based.[SUP]
[146][/SUP]
In a 2013 report, Bank of America Merrill Lynch stated that "we believe bitcoin can become a major means of payment for e-commerce and may emerge as a serious competitor to traditional money-transfer providers."[SUP]
[147][/SUP] In June 2014, the first bank that converts deposits in currencies instantly to bitcoin without any fees was opened in Boston.[SUP]
[148]
[/SUP]
As an investment
Some Argentinians have bought bitcoins to protect their savings against high inflation or the possibility that governments could confiscate savings accounts.[SUP]
[63][/SUP] During the
2012–2013 Cypriot financial crisis, bitcoin purchases in Cyprus rose due to fears that savings accounts would be confiscated or taxed.[SUP]
[149][/SUP]
Other methods of investment are bitcoin funds. The first regulated bitcoin fund was established in Jersey in July 2014 and approved by the Jersey Financial Services Commission.[SUP]
[150][/SUP] Forbes started publishing arguments in favor of investing in December 2015.[SUP]
[151][/SUP]
In 2013 and 2014, the
European Banking Authority[SUP]
[152][/SUP] and the
Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (FINRA), a United States
self-regulatory organization,[SUP]
[153][/SUP] warned that investing in bitcoins carries significant risks. Forbes named bitcoin the best investment of 2013.[SUP]
[154][/SUP] In 2014, Bloomberg named bitcoin one of its worst investments of the year.[SUP]
[155][/SUP] In 2015, bitcoin topped Bloomberg's currency tables.[SUP]
[156][/SUP]
According to
Bloomberg, in 2013 there were about 250 bitcoin wallets with more than $1 million worth of bitcoins. The number of bitcoin millionaires is uncertain as people can have more than one wallet.[SUP]
[157]
[/SUP]
Venture capital
Venture capitalists, such as
Peter Thiel's
Founders Fund, which invested
US$3 million in
BitPay, do not purchase bitcoins themselves, instead funding bitcoin infrastructure like
companies that provide payment systems to merchants, exchanges, wallet services, etc.[SUP]
[158][/SUP] In 2012, an incubator for bitcoin-focused start-ups was founded by Adam Draper, with financing help from his father, venture capitalist
Tim Draper, one of the largest bitcoin holders after winning an auction of 30,000 bitcoins,[SUP]
[159][/SUP] at the time called 'mystery buyer'.[SUP]
[160][/SUP] The company's goal is to fund 100 bitcoin businesses within 2–3 years with $10,000 to $20,000 for a 6% stake.[SUP]
[159][/SUP] Investors also invest in bitcoin mining.[SUP]
[161][/SUP] According to a 2015 study by
Paolo Tasca, bitcoin startups raised almost $1 billion in three years (Q1 2012 – Q1 2015).[SUP]
[162]
[/SUP]
Price and volatility
According to
Mark T. Williams, as of 2014, bitcoin has
volatility seven times greater than gold, eight times greater than the
S&P 500, and 18 times greater than the U.S. dollar.[SUP]
[163][/SUP] According to
Forbes, there are uses where volatility does not matter, such as online gambling, tipping, and international remittances.[SUP]
[164][/SUP]
The price of bitcoins has gone through various cycles of appreciation and depreciation referred to by some as
bubbles and busts.[SUP]
[165][/SUP][SUP]
[166][/SUP] In 2011, the value of one bitcoin rapidly rose from about US$0.30 to US$32 before returning to US$2.[SUP]
[167][/SUP] In the latter half of 2012 and during the
2012–13 Cypriot financial crisis, the bitcoin price began to rise,[SUP]
[168][/SUP] reaching a high of US$266 on 10 April 2013, before crashing to around US$50.[SUP]
[169][/SUP] On 29 November 2013, the cost of one bitcoin rose to the all-time peak of US$1,242.[SUP]
[170][/SUP] In 2014, the price fell sharply, and as of April remained depressed at little more than half 2013 prices. As of August 2014 it was under US$600.[SUP]
[171][/SUP] In January 2015, noting that the bitcoin price had dropped to its lowest level since spring 2013 – around US$224 –
The New York Times suggested that "[w]ith no signs of a rally in the offing, the industry is bracing for the effects of a prolonged decline in prices. In particular, bitcoin mining companies, which are essential to the currency's underlying technology, are flashing warning signs."[SUP]
[172][/SUP] Also in January 2015,
Business Insider reported that
deep web drug dealers were "freaking out" as they lost profits through being unable to convert bitcoin revenue to cash quickly enough as the price declined – and that there was a danger that dealers selling reserves to stay in business might force the bitcoin price down further.[SUP]
[173][/SUP]
According to
The Wall Street Journal, as of April 2016, bitcoin is starting to look slightly more stable than gold.[SUP]
[174][/SUP] On 3 March 2017, the price of a bitcoin surpassed the market value of an ounce of
gold for the first time as its price surged to an all-time high.[SUP]
[175][/SUP][SUP]
[176][/SUP] A study in
Electronic Commerce Research and Applications, going back though the network's historical data, showed the value of the bitcoin network as measured by the price of bitcoins, to be roughly proportional to the square of the number of daily unique users participating on the network. This is a form of
Metcalfe's law and suggests that the network was demonstrating network effects proportional to its level of user adoption.[SUP]
[177]
[/SUP]
Legal status, tax and regulation
Main article:
Legality of bitcoin by country or territory
The legal status of bitcoin varies substantially from country to country and is still undefined or changing in many of them. While some countries have explicitly allowed its use and trade, others have banned or restricted it. Regulations and bans that apply to bitcoin probably extend to similar cryptocurrency systems.[SUP]
[178]
[/SUP]
Criminal activity
See also:
Bitcoin network § Criminal activity
The use of bitcoin by criminals has attracted the attention of financial regulators, legislative bodies, law enforcement, and the media.[SUP]
[179][/SUP] The FBI prepared an intelligence assessment,[SUP]
[180][/SUP] the SEC has issued a pointed warning about investment schemes using virtual currencies,[SUP]
[179][/SUP] and the U.S. Senate held a hearing on virtual currencies in November 2013.[SUP]
[19][/SUP]
Several news outlets have asserted that the popularity of bitcoins hinges on the ability to use them to purchase illegal goods.[SUP]
[92][/SUP][SUP]
[181][/SUP] In 2014, researchers at the University of Kentucky found "robust evidence that computer programming enthusiasts and illegal activity drive interest in bitcoin, and find limited or no support for political and investment motives."[SUP]
[182][/SUP]
